KAU EKSPRESIKU DALAM KATA DAN RASA

saat malam itu tiba, aku bagai seorang gembala

dalam kata tanya siapa kau kiranya?

aku tak pernah patah arang, ku usahakan tiap kecurangan

demi dapatkan seberkas kabar akan sosokmu

sosok yang kurasakan getar hatiku dalam sayang

sosok yang ku puja sejak pandangan pertama

wujud hamba tuhan yang begitu mempesona

sebagai anugerah bagiku yang tak pantas

aku yang terpana atas alismu yang menerawang

aku yang terpana atas pijar matamu yang mempesona

aku yang menggigil saat kau kecup lembut keningku

hembuskan kidung kemesraan

dan aku yang terpana dan terus terpana

pada hamparan senyummu atas sungging yang selalu ada

kau ekspresiku dalam kata dan rasa

semoga Tuhan akan jadi saksi

semoga Tuhan kan jadi harap dan kabulkan

semoga Tuhan jawab tak hanya menjanjikan

aku yang selalu rindukanmu dalam mimpi yang kadang nyata

yang kadang takut sebentar takut atas kenyataan

yang tercipta pada kejujuran akan rasa yang aneh

tapi aku yakin ini semua takdir

yang akan ku terima walau pedih dan luka

aku yakin semua ada hikmahnya

yang kan ajarkan sebuah cerita atas sang sutradara

hanya satu pintaku

berkatalah dalam kejujuran dan mencintai dengan ketulusan

TERIAKAN DAN PIKIRAN

Seonggok congkak dalam benakku

Atas replika prosesku dalam kepal dan aksi

Saat ku titip salam seberkas bongkah penindasan

Kulemparkan juga umpatan kesengsaraan

Dalam anarkisme

Yang ku tahu sebuah tujuan jitu

Yang menggerogoti lebat jambu kalbuku

Sedang disini, dibawah keramaian ini

Engkau,aku,dia dan kalian semua pecundang

Hanya duduk, jongkok, dan pura-pura berpikir

Boleh aku tertawa????

Kenapa membisu??

Sedang biasanya kau lantunkan ayat suci dan ceramah kebenaran

Kenapa bungkam??

Saat kau timpuk kami dengan batasan dan aturan

Kenapa sunyi?? Kenapa?!!!

Dimana filosofmu dengan sekian existensi

Kenapa sembunyi??

Takut, gentar atau apa?

Sedang kedua tangan kita telah dipolitisasi

Sedang hakekat terjerat oleh birokrat dan para moderat

Kenapa diam? Atau bisu? Jawab!!!

Hilangkah sok patriotismemu

Matikah gelora rasamu

Merasa...

Merasa telah kekalkah dasi dan kemejamu

Pemalas kok mita pemerataan, kecuali rupiah kau sodorkan

Merasa...

Merasa telah sempurnakah bagai kyai yang diagungkan

Bicara...bicara...bicaralah...

Baiklah,,kami tak jawab saja

Teruslah berpura-pura bisu, tuli atau buta

Bukan kami takut atau tak paham

Tapi rasa dalam dada, logika atas fitrah kita

Pantas dan perlu disuarakan

Karena manusia punya cita,cipta, cinta, rasa, karya dan karsa

Teriakku

Pikiranku

DUKA DAN LARA

Kawan!
Saat aku menggiyurkan
Saat aku tumbuh menggoda
Saat aku mampu merayumu
Saat aku mampu mencuri hatimu
Dengan sigap kau dekati akudengan cepat kau naiki dan turuni aku
Dengan tegap kau ayunkan langkahmu
Dengan waktu kau bersamaku
Tapi...
Tapi...
Tapi...kenapa?
Kenapa saat aku layu
Saat aku kriput
Saat aku tak menggairahkan
Kau berpaling dariku
Kau tak lagi tegap mengayunkan langkahmu
Kau tak lagi mau mendekat
Menaik turuni aku
Kenapa kau berpaling dariku
Kenapa kau campakkan aku
Tolonglah aku...
Tolonglah aku...




DERITA DAN NESTAPA




Lihatlah yang disana
Sepanjang mata memandang
Gedung-gedung pencakar langit terhampar
Ditengah derita dan nestapa


Lihatlah yang disana
Duduk manis di atas singgasana
Bekerja menjalankan pena
Demi tahta dan harta


Lihat yang disana
Berkoar demi tahta
Seakan dunia bisa dibeli dengan harta
Seakan tahta dan harta adalah segalanya


Lihat tingkah mereka kian gila
Dirikan gedung di atas bungkuk punggung kita
DI atas derita dan nestapa
Tanpa rasa


Lihat cendekiawan itu
Yang ku kira bawa perubahan
Sama saja
Hartalah di otak mereka


Lihat yang bersorban itu
Berfatwa dibalik firmanNya
Harta pula yang dibenakknya
Hah...dunia memang sudah gila
Korupsi meraja lela
Derita nestapa milik kita
Bukannya makin kaya
Tapi derita yang berjaya
Kita yang bermandikan derita
Lagi-lagi derita
Derita...nestapa...
Nestapa... nelangsa...
Kami yang tersiksa
Ridukan revolusi yang nyata

Keroncong is the original traditional music of Indonesia

Keroncong merupakan nama dari instrumen musik sejenis ukulele dan juga sebagai nama dari jenis musik khas Indonesia yang menggunakan instrumen musik keroncong, flute, dan seorang penyanyi wanita.

Asal-usul
Akar keroncong berasal dari sejenis musik Portugis yang dikenal sebagai fado yang diperkenalkan oleh para pelaut dan budak kapal niaga bangsa itu sejak abad ke-16 ke Nusantara. Dari daratan India (Goa) masuklah musik ini pertama kali di Malaka dan kemudian dimainkan oleh para budak dari Maluku. Melemahnya pengaruh Portugis pada abad ke-17 di Nusantara tidak dengan serta-merta berarti hilang pula musik ini. Bentuk awal musik ini disebut moresco (sebuah tarian asal Spanyol, seperti polka agak lamban ritmenya), di mana salah satu lagu oleh Kusbini disusun kembali kini dikenal dengan nama Kr. Muritsku, yang diiringi oleh alat musik dawai. Musik keroncong yang berasal dari Tugu disebut keroncong Tugu. Dalam perkembangannya, masuk sejumlah unsur tradisional Nusantara, seperti penggunaan seruling serta beberapa komponen gamelan. Pada sekitar abad ke-19 bentuk musik campuran ini sudah populer di banyak tempat di Nusantara, bahkan hingga ke Semenanjung Malaya. Masa keemasan ini berlanjut hingga sekitar tahun 1960-an, dan kemudian meredup akibat masuknya gelombang musik populer (musik rock yang berkembang sejak 1950, dan berjayanya musik Beatle dan sejenisnya sejak tahun 1961 hingga sekarang). Meskipun demikian, musik keroncong masih tetap dimainkan dan dinikmati oleh berbagai lapisan masyarakat di Indonesia dan Malaysia hingga sekarang.

Alat-alat musik

Dalam bentuknya yang paling awal, moresco diiringi oleh musik dawai, seperti biola, ukulele, serta selo. Perkusi juga kadang-kadang dipakai. Set orkes semacam ini masih dipakai oleh keroncong Tugu, bentuk keroncong yang masih dimainkan oleh komunitas keturunan budak Portugis dari Ambon yang tinggal di Kampung Tugu, Jakarta Utara, yang kemudian berkembang ke arah selatan di Kemayoran dan Gambir oleh orang Betawi berbaur dengan musik Tanjidor (tahun 1880-1920). Tahun 1920-1960 pusat perkembangan pindah ke Solo, dan beradaptasi dengan irama yang lebih lambat sesuai sifat orang Jawa.
Pem-"pribumi"-an keroncong menjadikannya seni campuran, dengan alat-alat musik seperti
• sitar India
• rebab
• suling bambu
• gendang, kenong, dan saron sebagai satu set gamelan
• gong.
Saat ini, alat musik yang dipakai dalam orkes keroncong mencakup
•

ukulele cuk, berdawai 3 (nilon), urutan nadanya adalah G, B dan E; sebagai alat musik utama yang menyuarakan crong - crong sehingga disebut keroncong (ditemukan tahun 1879 di Hawai, dan merupakan awal tonggak mulainya musik keroncong)
• ukulele cak, berdawai 4 (baja), urutan nadanya A, D, Fis, dan B. Jadi ketika alat musik lainnya memainkan tangga nada C, cak bermain pada tangga nada F (dikenal dengan sebutan in F);
• gitar akustik sebagai gitar melodi, dimainkan dengan gaya kontrapuntis (anti melodi);
• biola (menggantikan Rebab); sejak dibuat oleh Amati atau Stradivarius dari Cremona Itali sekitar tahun 1600 tidak pernah berubah modelnya hingga sekarang;
• flute (mengantikan Suling Bambu), pada Era Tempo Doeloe memakai Suling Albert (suling kayu hitam dengan lubang dan klep, suara agak patah-patah, contoh orkes Lief Java), sedangkan pada Era Keroncong Abadi telah memakai Suling Bohm (suling metal semua dengan klep, suara lebih halus dengan ornamen nada yang indah, contoh flutis Sunarno dari Solo atau Beny Waluyo dari Jakarta);
•

selo; betot menggantikan kendang, juga tidak pernah berubah sejak dibuat oleh Amati dan Stradivarius dari Cremona Itali 1600, hanya saja dalam keroncong dimainkan secara khas dipetik/pizzicato;
• kontrabas (menggantikan Gong), juga bas yang dipetik, tidak pernah berubah sejak Amati dan Stradivarius dari Cremona Itali 1600 membuatnya;
Penjaga irama dipegang oleh ukulele dan bas. Gitar yang kontrapuntis dan selo yang ritmis mengatur peralihan akord. Biola berfungsi sebagai penuntun melodi, sekaligus hiasan/ornamen bawah. Flut mengisi hiasan atas, yang melayang-layang mengisi ruang melodi yang kosong.
Bentuk keroncong yang dicampur dengan musik populer sekarang menggunakan organ tunggal serta synthesizer untuk mengiringi lagu keroncong (di pentas pesta organ tunggal yang serba bisa main keroncong, dangdut, rock, polka, mars).

FUNCTION WORD

A. DEFINITION OF FUNCTION WORD
There are many definition of funtion words such as :
> Function word are a word, such as a preposition, a conjunction, or an article, that has little semantic content of its own and chiefly indicates a grammatical relationship. It also called form word or functor.
> Function word are word that expresses grammatical relationships and has little semantic content it is also a word that serves a grammatical function but has no identifiable meaning ( Synonym: closed-class word).
So we can conclude that :
Function words (or grammatical words or synsemantic words or structure-class words) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. They signal the structural relationships that words have to one another and are the glue that holds sentences together. Thus, they serve as important elements to the structures of sentences.
Words that are not function words are called content words (or open class words or lexical words or autosemantic words): these include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, although some adverbs are function words (e.g., then and why). Dictionaries define the specific meanings of content words, but can only describe the general usages of function words. By contrast, grammars describe the use of function words in detail, but treat lexical words in general terms only.
B. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTION WORD
Function words might be prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, grammatical articles or particles, all of which belong to the group of closed-class words. Interjections are sometimes considered function words but they belong to the group of open-class words. Function words might or might not be inflected or might have affixes.
Function words belong to the closed class of words in grammar in that it is very uncommon to have new function words created in the course of speech, whereas in the open class of words (that is, nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs) new words may be added readily (such as slang words, technical terms, and adoptions and adaptations of foreign words).
Each function word either gives some grammatical information on other words in a sentence or clause, and cannot be isolated from other words, or it may indicate the speaker's mental model as to what is being said.
Grammatical words, as a class, can have distinct phonological properties from content words. Grammatical words sometimes do not make full use of all the sounds in a language.
For example in English, only function words begin with voiced th- .
The following is a list of the kind of words considered to be function words:
1. Articles — the, and a, an. In some inflected languages, the articles may take on the case of the declension of the following noun.
 The is used when the noun which follows name an identified specimen, that is when it is believed that the hearer knows which person, places or thing the noun refers to.
 a is used when an inidentified specimen is introduce, it is used when the beginning of a word is consonant
 an is used when the beginning of a word is vowel ( a, i, u, e, o )
2. Pronouns — pronoun refers to a anoun. It is used in places of a noun.It is inflected in English, as :
 I – me
 You --- you
 we --- us
 they --- them
 he — him
 she — her
 it --- it
3. Adpositions — uninflected in English
4. Conjunctions — is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases or clauses together. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction" should be defined for each language. In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle, and it may or may not stand between the items it conjoins.
 Coordinating conjuntion.
The definition can also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit with the same function as a single-word conjunction (as well as, provided that, etc.). Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join two or more items of equal syntactic importance, such as words, main clauses, or it’s can be used to remember the coordinators for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. These are not the only coordinating conjunctions; various others are used, including "and nor" (British), "but nor" (British), "or nor"(British), "neither" ("They don't gamble; neither do they smoke"), "no more" ("They don't gamble; no more do they smoke"), and "only" ("Can we perform? Only if we practice").
Here are the meanings and some examples of coordinating conjunctions in English:
• for: presents a reason ("He is gambling with his health, for he has been smoking far too long.") (though "for" is more commonly used as a preposition)
• and: presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s) ("They gamble, and they smoke.")
• nor: presents a non-contrasting negative idea ("They don't gamble, nor do they smoke.")
• but: presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, but they don't smoke.")
• or: presents an alternate item or idea ("Every day they gamble, or they smoke.")
• yet: presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, yet they don't smoke.")
• so: presents a consequence ("He gambled well last night, so he smoked a cigar to celebrate.")
 Correlative conjunctions
: are pairs of conjunctions that work together to coordinate two items. English examples include both…and, [n]either…[n]or, and not [only]…but [also], whether... or.
Examples:
• Either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office.
• Not only is he handsome but he is also brilliant.
• Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well.
• Both the cross country team and the swimming team are doing well.
• Whether you stay or go is your decision.
 Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that introduce a dependent clause.
The most common subordinating conjunctions in the English language include the following: after, although, as if, as much as, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, even if, even though, if, in that, in order that, lest, since, so that, than, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, and while.
Complementizers can be considered to be special subordinating conjunctions that introduce complement clauses (e.g., "I wonder whether he'll be late. I hope that he'll be on time").
Some subordinating conjunctions (until, while), when used to introduce a phrase instead of a full clause, become prepositions with identical meanings.
5. Auxiliary verbs — forming part of the conjugation (pattern of the tenses of main verbs), always inflected.
Present : is, am, are
Past : was, were
6. Interjections —Interjections are sometimes considered function words but they belong to the group of open-class words, sometimes called “filled pauses”, it is uninflected.
7. Particles — convey the attitude of the speaker and are uninflected, as if, then, well, however, thus, etc.
8. Expletives — take the place of sentences, among other functions as It, it can represent time, day, weather/season, situation.
Example : I have just bought a book entitle “How to Read a Thousand Word a Minute” . Perhaps it will solve my problem, but i just haven’t hadtime to read it.
9. Pro-sentences — yes, okay, etc.

FUNCTION WORD

A. DEFINITION OF FUNCTION WORD
There are many definition of funtion words such as :
> Function word are a word, such as a preposition, a conjunction, or an article, that has little semantic content of its own and chiefly indicates a grammatical relationship. It also called form word or functor.
> Function word are word that expresses grammatical relationships and has little semantic content it is also a word that serves a grammatical function but has no identifiable meaning ( Synonym: closed-class word).
So we can conclude that :
Function words (or grammatical words or synsemantic words or structure-class words) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. They signal the structural relationships that words have to one another and are the glue that holds sentences together. Thus, they serve as important elements to the structures of sentences.
Words that are not function words are called content words (or open class words or lexical words or autosemantic words): these include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, although some adverbs are function words (e.g., then and why). Dictionaries define the specific meanings of content words, but can only describe the general usages of function words. By contrast, grammars describe the use of function words in detail, but treat lexical words in general terms only.
B. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTION WORD
Function words might be prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, grammatical articles or particles, all of which belong to the group of closed-class words. Interjections are sometimes considered function words but they belong to the group of open-class words. Function words might or might not be inflected or might have affixes.
Function words belong to the closed class of words in grammar in that it is very uncommon to have new function words created in the course of speech, whereas in the open class of words (that is, nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs) new words may be added readily (such as slang words, technical terms, and adoptions and adaptations of foreign words).
Each function word either gives some grammatical information on other words in a sentence or clause, and cannot be isolated from other words, or it may indicate the speaker's mental model as to what is being said.
Grammatical words, as a class, can have distinct phonological properties from content words. Grammatical words sometimes do not make full use of all the sounds in a language.
For example in English, only function words begin with voiced th- .
The following is a list of the kind of words considered to be function words:
1. Articles — the, and a, an. In some inflected languages, the articles may take on the case of the declension of the following noun.
 The is used when the noun which follows name an identified specimen, that is when it is believed that the hearer knows which person, places or thing the noun refers to.
 a is used when an inidentified specimen is introduce, it is used when the beginning of a word is consonant
 an is used when the beginning of a word is vowel ( a, i, u, e, o )
2. Pronouns — pronoun refers to a anoun. It is used in places of a noun.It is inflected in English, as :
 I – me
 You --- you
 we --- us
 they --- them
 he — him
 she — her
 it --- it
3. Adpositions — uninflected in English
4. Conjunctions — is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases or clauses together. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction" should be defined for each language. In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle, and it may or may not stand between the items it conjoins.
 Coordinating conjuntion.
The definition can also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit with the same function as a single-word conjunction (as well as, provided that, etc.). Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join two or more items of equal syntactic importance, such as words, main clauses, or it’s can be used to remember the coordinators for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. These are not the only coordinating conjunctions; various others are used, including "and nor" (British), "but nor" (British), "or nor"(British), "neither" ("They don't gamble; neither do they smoke"), "no more" ("They don't gamble; no more do they smoke"), and "only" ("Can we perform? Only if we practice").
Here are the meanings and some examples of coordinating conjunctions in English:
• for: presents a reason ("He is gambling with his health, for he has been smoking far too long.") (though "for" is more commonly used as a preposition)
• and: presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s) ("They gamble, and they smoke.")
• nor: presents a non-contrasting negative idea ("They don't gamble, nor do they smoke.")
• but: presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, but they don't smoke.")
• or: presents an alternate item or idea ("Every day they gamble, or they smoke.")
• yet: presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, yet they don't smoke.")
• so: presents a consequence ("He gambled well last night, so he smoked a cigar to celebrate.")
 Correlative conjunctions
: are pairs of conjunctions that work together to coordinate two items. English examples include both…and, [n]either…[n]or, and not [only]…but [also], whether... or.
Examples:
• Either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office.
• Not only is he handsome but he is also brilliant.
• Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well.
• Both the cross country team and the swimming team are doing well.
• Whether you stay or go is your decision.
 Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that introduce a dependent clause.
The most common subordinating conjunctions in the English language include the following: after, although, as if, as much as, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, even if, even though, if, in that, in order that, lest, since, so that, than, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, and while.
Complementizers can be considered to be special subordinating conjunctions that introduce complement clauses (e.g., "I wonder whether he'll be late. I hope that he'll be on time").
Some subordinating conjunctions (until, while), when used to introduce a phrase instead of a full clause, become prepositions with identical meanings.
5. Auxiliary verbs — forming part of the conjugation (pattern of the tenses of main verbs), always inflected.
Present : is, am, are
Past : was, were
6. Interjections —Interjections are sometimes considered function words but they belong to the group of open-class words, sometimes called “filled pauses”, it is uninflected.
7. Particles — convey the attitude of the speaker and are uninflected, as if, then, well, however, thus, etc.
8. Expletives — take the place of sentences, among other functions as It, it can represent time, day, weather/season, situation.
Example : I have just bought a book entitle “How to Read a Thousand Word a Minute” . Perhaps it will solve my problem, but i just haven’t hadtime to read it.
9. Pro-sentences — yes, okay, etc.

FUNCTION WORD

A. DEFINITION OF FUNCTION WORD
There are many definition of funtion words such as :
> Function word are a word, such as a preposition, a conjunction, or an article, that has little semantic content of its own and chiefly indicates a grammatical relationship. It also called form word or functor.
> Function word are word that expresses grammatical relationships and has little semantic content it is also a word that serves a grammatical function but has no identifiable meaning ( Synonym: closed-class word).
So we can conclude that :
Function words (or grammatical words or synsemantic words or structure-class words) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. They signal the structural relationships that words have to one another and are the glue that holds sentences together. Thus, they serve as important elements to the structures of sentences.
Words that are not function words are called content words (or open class words or lexical words or autosemantic words): these include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, although some adverbs are function words (e.g., then and why). Dictionaries define the specific meanings of content words, but can only describe the general usages of function words. By contrast, grammars describe the use of function words in detail, but treat lexical words in general terms only.
B. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTION WORD
Function words might be prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, grammatical articles or particles, all of which belong to the group of closed-class words. Interjections are sometimes considered function words but they belong to the group of open-class words. Function words might or might not be inflected or might have affixes.
Function words belong to the closed class of words in grammar in that it is very uncommon to have new function words created in the course of speech, whereas in the open class of words (that is, nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs) new words may be added readily (such as slang words, technical terms, and adoptions and adaptations of foreign words).
Each function word either gives some grammatical information on other words in a sentence or clause, and cannot be isolated from other words, or it may indicate the speaker's mental model as to what is being said.
Grammatical words, as a class, can have distinct phonological properties from content words. Grammatical words sometimes do not make full use of all the sounds in a language.
For example in English, only function words begin with voiced th- .
The following is a list of the kind of words considered to be function words:
1. Articles — the, and a, an. In some inflected languages, the articles may take on the case of the declension of the following noun.
 The is used when the noun which follows name an identified specimen, that is when it is believed that the hearer knows which person, places or thing the noun refers to.
 a is used when an inidentified specimen is introduce, it is used when the beginning of a word is consonant
 an is used when the beginning of a word is vowel ( a, i, u, e, o )
2. Pronouns — pronoun refers to a anoun. It is used in places of a noun.It is inflected in English, as :
 I – me
 You --- you
 we --- us
 they --- them
 he — him
 she — her
 it --- it
3. Adpositions — uninflected in English
4. Conjunctions — is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases or clauses together. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction" should be defined for each language. In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle, and it may or may not stand between the items it conjoins.
 Coordinating conjuntion.
The definition can also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit with the same function as a single-word conjunction (as well as, provided that, etc.). Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join two or more items of equal syntactic importance, such as words, main clauses, or it’s can be used to remember the coordinators for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. These are not the only coordinating conjunctions; various others are used, including "and nor" (British), "but nor" (British), "or nor"(British), "neither" ("They don't gamble; neither do they smoke"), "no more" ("They don't gamble; no more do they smoke"), and "only" ("Can we perform? Only if we practice").
Here are the meanings and some examples of coordinating conjunctions in English:
• for: presents a reason ("He is gambling with his health, for he has been smoking far too long.") (though "for" is more commonly used as a preposition)
• and: presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s) ("They gamble, and they smoke.")
• nor: presents a non-contrasting negative idea ("They don't gamble, nor do they smoke.")
• but: presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, but they don't smoke.")
• or: presents an alternate item or idea ("Every day they gamble, or they smoke.")
• yet: presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, yet they don't smoke.")
• so: presents a consequence ("He gambled well last night, so he smoked a cigar to celebrate.")
 Correlative conjunctions
: are pairs of conjunctions that work together to coordinate two items. English examples include both…and, [n]either…[n]or, and not [only]…but [also], whether... or.
Examples:
• Either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office.
• Not only is he handsome but he is also brilliant.
• Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well.
• Both the cross country team and the swimming team are doing well.
• Whether you stay or go is your decision.
 Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that introduce a dependent clause.
The most common subordinating conjunctions in the English language include the following: after, although, as if, as much as, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, even if, even though, if, in that, in order that, lest, since, so that, than, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, and while.
Complementizers can be considered to be special subordinating conjunctions that introduce complement clauses (e.g., "I wonder whether he'll be late. I hope that he'll be on time").
Some subordinating conjunctions (until, while), when used to introduce a phrase instead of a full clause, become prepositions with identical meanings.
5. Auxiliary verbs — forming part of the conjugation (pattern of the tenses of main verbs), always inflected.
Present : is, am, are
Past : was, were
6. Interjections —Interjections are sometimes considered function words but they belong to the group of open-class words, sometimes called “filled pauses”, it is uninflected.
7. Particles — convey the attitude of the speaker and are uninflected, as if, then, well, however, thus, etc.
8. Expletives — take the place of sentences, among other functions as It, it can represent time, day, weather/season, situation.
Example : I have just bought a book entitle “How to Read a Thousand Word a Minute” . Perhaps it will solve my problem, but i just haven’t hadtime to read it.
9. Pro-sentences — yes, okay, etc.